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Yma Sumac (; September 13, 1922〔 or September 10, 1923〔 – November 1, 2008), also called Yma Súmac, was a Peruvian-American soprano. In the 1950s, she was one of the most famous proponents of exotica music. Sumac became an international success based on her extreme vocal range, which was said to be "well over five octaves"〔Ellen Highstein: 'Yma Súmac (Chavarri, Emperatriz)' (Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy. (Accessed August 8, 2006) )〕 or otherwise was claimed to span over five octaves, at the peak of her singing career.〔Clarke Fountain, "Yma Súmac: Hollywood's Inca Princess (review). Allmovie, reproduced in ''The New York Times''. 1992. ()〕〔David Richards, "The Trill of a Lifetime; Exotic Singer Yma Súmac Meets a New Wave of Fans". ''The Washington Post'', March 2, 1987, Style; p. B1; accessed August 6, 2006, via Lexis Nexis, ()〕 Sumac recorded an extraordinarily wide vocal range of 5 octaves, 3 notes and a semitone ranging from E2 to B7 (approximately 107 Hz to 3.7 kHz). In one live recording of "Chuncho", she sings a range of over four and a half octaves, from B1 to F#7. She was able to sing notes in the low baritone register as well as notes above the range of an ordinary soprano & notes in the Whistle Register. Both low and high extremes can be heard in the song ''Chuncho (The Forest Creatures)'' (1953). She was also apparently able to sing in an eerie "double voice".〔(''Secret Museum of the Air'', October 6, 2002 program (5:15–5:57) )〕 In 1954, classical composer Virgil Thomson described Sumac's voice as "very low and warm, very high and birdlike", noting that her range "is very close to five octaves, but is in no way inhuman or outlandish in sound".〔 In 2012, audio recording restoration expert John H. Haley favorably compared Súmac's tone to opera singers Isabella Colbran, Maria Malibran and Pauline Viardot. He described Súmac's voice as not having the "bright penetrating peal of a true coloratura soprano", but having in its place "an alluring sweet darkness ... virtually unique in our time". ==Early life== Zoila Augusta Emperatriz Chávarri del Castillo was born on either September 13, 1922,〔(Yma Súmac biography )〕 or September 10, 1923,〔 most likely in Callao, a seacoast city in Peru.〔(Yma Súmac Birth Certificate ) 〕〔(Peruvian Magazine Batuta N°3 "Yma Sumac: 'my mother gave birth in Callao'" ), revistalabatutatres.blogspot.com; accessed October 23, 2015.〕 Her parents were Sixto Chávarri and Emilia Castillo. Her father was born in Cajamarca and her mother was born in Pallasca. Stories published in the 1950s claimed that she was an Incan princess, directly descended from Atahualpa. The government of Peru in 1946 formally supported her claim to be descended from Atahualpa, the last Incan emperor". She was the subject of a series of publicity campaigns designed to shroud her origins in mystery: was she an Inca princess, one of the chosen 'Golden Virgins'? Whatever her heritage, what was abundantly genuine was Sumac's four octave range, ascending from 'female baritone, through lyric soprano, to high coloratura'. Chávarri adopted the stage name of Imma Sumack (also spelled Ymma Sumack and Ima Sumack) before she left South America to go to the United States. The stage name was based on her mother's name, which was derived from ''Ima Shumaq'', Quechua for "how beautiful!" although in interviews she claimed it meant "beautiful flower" or "beautiful girl".〔Cusihuaman 2001: pp. 47, 103〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Yma Sumac」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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